Abstract The article employs comparative analysis to investigate the nexus between constitutional adjudication and electoral systems through the perspective of the principle of equality in elections. It delves into the different reasoning of the constitutional courts of Germany, Italy and Spain, trying to unpack the various interpretations attached to that principle under the case law of these courts. In particular, it explores the arguments revolving around the interpretation of equality as the “one person, one vote” rule and its potential wider meaning, comparing the approaches adopted in the case law of the three jurisdictions. On a theoretical level, this submission aims to provide insights on the functions and limits of constitutional review in electoral matters and, more generally, to contribute to studies of constitutional law concerned with the tension between legislative discretion and the role of constitutional courts.

Resumo Este estudo aborda, de forma comparativa, o nexo entre a jurisdição constitucional e os sistemas eleitorais através da perspectiva do princípio da igualdade em matéria eleitoral. Desta maneira, o seu objetivo é examinar as linhas de argumentação dos tribunais constitucionais da Alemanha, Itália e Espanha, tentando desdobrar as diferentes interpretações desse princípio sob a jurisprudência dos países mencionados. Em particular, explora os argumentos que giram em torno da interpretação da igualdade como a regra de “uma pessoa, um voto” e seu potencial significado mais amplo, comparando as abordagens adotadas na jurisprudência das três jurisdições acima citadas. Em um nível teórico, o artigo tenta também realçar as funções e limites da revisão constitucional em matéria eleitoral e, mais em geral, contribuir para estimular os estudos de direito constitucional focados em a tensão entre a discricionariedade legislativa e o papel dos tribunais constitucionais.

Resumen Objetivo: la diabetes de tipo 2 (DM2) parece empeorar el pronóstico de los pacientes ingresados por COVID-19, aunque la mayoría de los estudios incluyeron pacientes asiáticos. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si esto se aplica a los pacientes de una población Mediterránea. Métodos: un total de 90 pacientes ingresados por COVID-19 con DM2 se compararon retrospectivamente con 50 pacientes sin DM2. Resultados: los sujetos con DM2 eran mayores que sus contrapartes (73,3 ± 12,4 frente a 53 ± 15,7 años; p < 0,0001). El recuento absoluto de linfocitos (1,1 ± 0,6 vs. 1,3 ± 0,7 x 109/L; p = 0,005) o la hemoglobina (11,9 ± 1,6 vs. 13,1 ± 2,1 g/dL; p < 0,0001) fueron menores entre los sujetos con DM2. La PCR y la procalcitonina fueron mayores entre los sujetos con DM2 (91,9 ± 71,2 frente a 70,1 ± 63,3 mg/L; p = 0,002 y 0,8 ± 0,3 frente a 0,4 ± 0,1 ng/ml; p < 0,0001, respectivamente). La albúmina fue menor entre los pacientes con DM2 (3,4 ± 0,5 vs. 3,8 ± 0,5 g/L: p < 0,001). La estancia hospitalaria fue mayor entre los sujetos con DM2 (11,7 ± 7,7 frente a 9,7 ± 8,6 días; p = 0,01). Sin embargo, ambos grupos fueron comparables en cuanto a la proporción de sujetos con ingreso en la UCI (16,5 % vs. 8 %; p = 0,1) y la mortalidad (11 % vs. 4 %; p = 0,2). Conclusiones: en una muestra mediterránea, a pesar de la edad, las comorbilidades, el estado nutricional y los marcadores inflamatorios, los sujetos con DM2 con un adecuado control glucémico ingresados por COVID-19 tuvieron resultados pronósticos similares a los de los pacientes sin esta condición metabólica.

Abstract Aim: type-2 diabetes (T2DM) seems to worsen the prognosis of patients admitted for COVID-19, although most studies included Asiatic patients. We aimed to assess whether this condition applies for Mediterranean patients. Methods: a total of 90 patients admitted for COVID-19 with T2DM were retrospectively compared with 50 patients without T2DM. Results: subjects with T2DM were older than their counterparts (73.3 ± 12.4 vs 53 ± 15.7 years; p < 0.0001). Either absolute lymphocyte count (1.1 ± 0.6 vs 1.3 ± 0.7 x 109/L; p = 0.005) or hemoglobin (11.9 ± 1.6 vs 13.1 ± 2.1 g/dL; p < 0.0001) were lower among subjects with T2DM. CRP and procalcitonin were higher among subjects with T2DM (91.9 ± 71.2 vs 70.1 ± 63.3 mg/L; p = 0.002 and 0.8 ± 0.3 vs 0.4 ± 0.1 ng/mL; p < 0.0001, respectively). Albumin was lower among patients with T2DM (3.4 ± 0.5 vs 3.8 ± 0.5 g/L: p < 0.001). Length of stay was longer among subjects with T2DM (11.7 ± 7.7 vs 9.7 ± 8.6 days; p = 0.01). However, both groups were comparable regarding both the proportion of subjects who were admitted to the ICU (16.5 % vs 8 %; p = 0.1) and mortality (11 % vs 4 %; p = 0.2). Conclusions: in a Mediterranean sample, despite of age, comorbidities, nutritional status, and inflammatory markers, subjects with T2DM with a proper glycemic control admitted for COVID-19 had similar prognostic outcomes than patients without this metabolic condition.

Abstract As it spread across Italy, psychoanalysis captured the interest of Italian psychologists, namely Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) and Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, who was trained as an experimental psychologist according to the Gegenstandstheorie School of Graz in 1919, came to Italy and became a full professor of experimental psychology in Padua. He undertook a program of study called “psychological reality” that comprised hypnosuggestion and psychoanalysis. This article shows that Benussi’s hypnosuggestion experiments and Musatti’s theorization of the reality of fantasy were attempts to upgrade the study of psychological phenomena to the level of physical phenomena in a theoretical context in which psychoanalysis was considered part of a general psychology.

Resumen A medida que se extendía por Italia, el psicoanálisis captó el interés de los psicólogos italianos Vittorio Benussi (1878-1927) y Cesare Musatti (1897-1989). Benussi, se formó como psicólogo experimental según la Escuela Gegenstandstheorie de Graz en 1919, llegó a Italia y se convirtió en profesor titular de psicología experimental en Padua. Realizó un programa de estudio llamado “realidad psicológica” que comprendía hipnosugestión y psicoanálisis. Este artículo muestra que los experimentos de hipnosugestión de Benussi y la teorización de la realidad de la fantasía de Musatti fueron intentos de elevar el estudio de los fenómenos psicológicos al nivel de los fenómenos físicos en un contexto teórico en el que se consideraba el psicoanálisis parte de una psicología general.

Abstract: This paper presents the characterization of 1088 beads from museum collections and field collections from the eastern val leys of northern Salta, Argentina. Beads made of tuff, slate, glass, malacological material, and minerals were identified. 27 beads were analyzed through sem-edx and xrd revealing turquoise, sodalite and opal, and their previous classifications were modified from geochemical data and macroscopic observa tion. Finally, potential lithic, malacological, and foreign supply sources were assessed.

Resumen: Se presenta la caracterización de 1088 cuentas provenientes de colecciones de museos y recolecciones de campo del norte de Salta, Argentina. Se identificaron cuentas confeccionadas sobre toba, pizarra, vidrio, material malacológico y minerales. Para 27 de ellas se usó meb-edx y drx, registrándose turquesa, sodalita y ópalo, y se modificaron sus clasificaciones previas a partir de datos geoquímicos y observación macroscópica. Finalmente, se evalúan potenciales fuentes de aprovisionamiento líticas, malacológicas y alóctonas.